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Comments
Adam
Basically-
#7 & 8 is a jointer, long things used for making joints flat & true
#6 you can ignore but is a 'try plane'. short nose - used when a rough board has the worst taken off say with a scrub plane, and before a jointer plane. The short nose helps in this intermediate stage.
#5s - jack planes, can do all sorts
#4s are smoothers - the last step for flat boards etc, refining the finish, taking very fine cuts. Personally very rarely use mine but is sometimes handy.
There is crossover with these^^ like it's perfectly possible to joint blanks with a 4, 4 /12, or a 6 etc etc. But a 5 or 5 1/2 would be a good bit nicer for blank jointing than a 4 and might be all the plane you need. I'd probably get a good 5 or 5 1/2 and a proper machined straight edge, if getting only one plane, or as the first one.
Better to have one good true plane well set-up than a few not-so-great ones, too much runout in the sole or iffy machining and suchlike.